052. Your roommate has been seriously ill. The doctor says she needs to rest in bed for quite some time. Since she’s normally very active, she’s going to find this very difficult. You know that the doctor is right, and are determined to help your friend carry out his advice. You say:

A) The instructions of the doctor are final you know. You’ll just have to make the best of it. I’ll get you some books.
B) You have been seriously ill, so you can’t expect to get back to normal quickly.
C) He’s rather an old-fashioned doctor! You don’t have to spend the whole of each day in bed!
D) How did you get so ill? You’re always so careful about what you eat! I can’t understand it.
E) After a couple of days in bed you’ll be as fit as ever.

A) Be a careful listener, and avoid asserting your own opinions and comments.
B) Ask open-ended questions that will reflect the candidate’s personality more than a simple “yes” or “no” response would.
C) Once the interview has ended, review what has been said by each candidate.
D) If you are tape-recording the interview, first ask the candidates’ permission and start the proceeding.
E) Maintain a friendly facial expression, adopt positive body language, and be polite.

A) People who talk non-stop about their working lives are extremely boring.
B) Actually, I am not interested in other people’s working lives.
C) I am used to keeping my work and my private life quite separate, so there would be no problem here for me.
D) That’s a pity. A little bit of gossip is always nice! People expect to hear about what you’re doing.
E) I’ll do my best to keep quiet, but I can’t promise to do so.

A) The dialogue is colourful, spirited and credible; but the plot is weak and improbable.
B) The play itself is rather disappointing, but the quality of acting in this production is extremely high.
C) This play is better than any of his earlier plays, but that’s not saying much!
D) It is clearly a good play. However, it would surely be better to wait a while before attempting any serious criticism of the writer himself.
E) As far as I am concerned, this play deals very successfully with the issues of creativity and loneliness.

A) I’m glad you’re moving on with your life. It was time you stopped grieving, anyway.
B) What a big decision! But I think you’re doing the right thing.
C) You’re making the wrong decision. You should definitely wait at least another year.
D) Surely, loneliness is a terrible thing. It is time you made up your mind.
E) Are you sure you’re ready to take such a big step? Why not wait a while?

A) Have you thought about the possibility that this girl is acting this way because she feels insecure after her parents’ divorce?
B) How would you feel if your father and I were divorced? Do you think it would change your behaviour at school?
C) I think you should try to stay away from her for a while until her behaviour improves.
D) Why isn’t your teacher involved in trying to sort all of this out?
E) What if I call her mother and talk to her? Would that help?

058. (I) The label homo sapiens was first attached to man by Linnaeus in his classification of the animal kingdom over two hundred years ago. (II) That kingdom is now thought to include over threequarters of a million species. (III) Still, the physiology of the human body parallels, in a host of different ways, that of the animals. (IV) Though very many more species may be discovered, it is not likely that anything will ever shake our conviction that we belong to a very special class. (V) This conviction is quite as strong today as it was in the eighteenth century.

A) I       B) II       C) III       D) IV       E) V

059. (I) An incoming hurricane might at first seem a powerful photographic subject. (II) But how is a photojournalist to make a decent still image when people are hiding, and when there is only howling wind and spraying water? (III) “That’s why hurricane photography generally documents the aftermath,” says an illustrations editor. (IV) But this image was different enough to catch one’s eye. (V) Uprooted trees and building rubble are mainstays of the genre.

A) I       B) II       C) III       D) IV       E) V

060. (I) In a rare instance of a vertebrate’s behaviour being revealed by its fossil, a new species of dinosaur was found with its head tucked under a forelimb. (II) It represents the earliest known example of a dinosaur displaying the sleeping posture exhibited by modern-day birds. (III) As a result, though it is not known how the dinosaur died, it probably was killed instantly by a thick deposit of volcanic ash or by volcanic gas followed by a covering of ash and mud. (IV) The “tuck-in” pose would have preserved body heat, suggesting that, like birds, at least some dinosaurs were warmblooded. (V) Delighted palaeontologists named this pigeon-sized dinosaur “Mei long”, meaning “soundly sleeping dragon.”

A) I       B) II       C) III       D) IV       E) V

061. (I) Carl Sandburg (1878-1967), born in Galesburg, Illinois, is best known for his poetry. (II) He was, however, also a journalist, an author of children’s books, and a historian. (III) Sandburg’s poetry celebrates the lives of ordinary people. (IV) In “The People, Yes,” he uses the words, style, and rhythms of common speech to celebrate the tall tales of the American people. (V) Indeed, most American poets in the 19th century were concerned with nature and country life.

A) I       B) II       C) III       D) IV       E) V

062. (I) Izmir owes its famously “special” atmosphere to its turbulent history. (II) What you see today has mostly risen from the ashes of Ottoman Izmir and dates from 1922, when a terrible fire swept across the city. (III) Before that, Izmir was known as “Smyrna” and was the most Westernized and cosmopolitan of Turkish cities. (IV) Nevertheless, famous citizens of ancient Smyrna include the poet Homer, the founder of Western literature, who lived before 700 B.C. (V) It was a city where the Muslims, Christians and Jewish communities lived in harmony and got on well with each other.

A) I       B) II       C) III       D) IV       E) V

063. (I) We may not know very much about butterflies, but they are certainly very beautiful. (II) For the first time, British scientists have tracked the movements of butterflies. (III) Two types of flight were found in the 30 butterflies monitored. (IV) One was the straight and fast flight used for travel. (V) The other was a slow and looping route to aid foraging.

A) I       B) II       C) III       D) IV       E) V

A) Whether or not management is aware of it, this company owes its success, to a very large extent, to the industry and loyalty of its staff.
B) Whatever management may say, the success of this company depends more than anything else on the dedication of those who work here.
C) Management should be made to recognize that the role of the staff is of first importance in the company’s success.
D) As management realizes full well, it is the workers in the factory who make it so successful.
E) The workers in this company, with their hard work and devotion, contribute more to the
success of the company than management does.

A) A growing number of people are interested in organic food, since it is produced free of chemicals and pesticides.
B) Organic food is thought to be healthier as no chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used in its production.
C) Obviously, organic food is preferable since it is free of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
D) The preference for organic food has led to a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
E) Organic food, food produced without the aid of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, has many adherents.

A) Once students get used to being split up for interactive discussion, their ability to concentrate generally improves.
B) On the whole, when students know they are going to be split up into small groups for interactive discussion, they will concentrate better.
C) One way to improve concentration is to split students up into small groups for interactive discussion.
D) Interactive discussion is a sure way of encouraging students to increase their powers of concentration.
E) The best way to stimulate concentration is to organize these students into small groups for interactive discussion.

A) Try to persuade your brother to fix the roof: he’s good at such things.
B) As he’s good at things like that, why don’t you get your brother to fix the roof?
C) Your brother would mend the roof better than any one else; tell him to do it.
D) Why don’t you get your brother to fix the roof? I’m sure he would.
E) Since your brother is good at roof-fixing, ask him to do it.

A) Unless the problem were serious, they wouldn’t have delayed the flight for so long.
B) If there had been no problem with the aircraft, they wouldn’t have delayed take-off like that.
C) The flight was postponed indefinitely, so we presumed there was engine-trouble.
D) We began to feel that there might be a real problem with the aircraft as take-off was continually being delayed.
E) We assumed that, since there was a problem with the aircraft, they were obliged to delay takeoff indefinitely.

A) Hogarth gives an authentic picture of 18thcentury life which appeals to modern times.
B) It is the detail and worldliness of the drawings of Hogarth that give them a modern touch, though they date from the 18th century.
C) Though the scenes and the costumes in the drawings are very 18th century, there is still
something modern about Hogarth’s drawing.
D) The appeal of Hogarth lies in the dramatic depiction of everyday life in the 18th century.
E) There is a contemporary feel for the pictures of 18th-century painter, Hogarth, owing to their humour and satirical content.

070. Ralph: I’ve learned that there are many details to learn about the maintenance of home aquariums.
Dick: ............................. .
Ralph: At first glance, it’s true. But do you know that even the decorative materials used in aquariums should be placed properly? Otherwise, for example, they may obstruct the filter pipes.
Dick: Really? I hadn’t thought of that before.

A) Yes. For example, fish don’t disrupt the cleanliness of the home with messy fur or
feathers.
B) Right; routine maintenance only requires a few minutes of your attention daily, supplemented by an hour or so once a week.
C) Oh, are there? I’ve always thought that looking after an aquarium is very easy.
D) Anyone knows that keeping an aquarium is expensive.
E) In fact, I am as interested as you are in aquariums.

071. Chris: Did you know that several years ago Luciano Pavarotti released his first solo album of Italian pop songs?
Robert: No, I didn’t. I wonder what other tenors thought of this.
Chris: ............................. .
Robert: In which case, I suppose opera fans are also accepting the situation.

A) Well, at first they were not in favour of it, but now they are doing the same thing themselves!
B) It was at least 20 years ago that his record company asked him to make this album.
C) As far as I know, it was the song “Caruso” that made him do it.
D) He asked three well-known singers to join him, but for some reason they said no.
E) I don’t know. Presumably, they were annoyed.

072. Lee: Do you know about the Iron Age hair gel found on the head of a 2,300-year-old body discovered in Ireland?
Ron: Yes. I read that the body was found with its hair gelled unusually high above the head. Also, chemical analysis by scientists shows that the hair gel was made of a vegetable oil mixed with a resin probably imported from France or Spain.
Lee: ............................. .
Ron: Well, the body has been preserved incredibly well in a peat bog because the bacteria that decompose flesh can’t survive in that oxygenfree environment. Even fingerprints can be seen.

A) I can say that it’s a bit like a Mohican style. Do you know what it is made of?
B) It seems our ancestors were not so primitive that they didn’t like to take care of themselves.
C) I think this indicates he was a wealthy member of Irish society; do you agree?
D) Oh, that’s interesting. But how do they know so much about the gel and the body?
E) These findings must be important. But what can we learn from them?

073. James: How’s your philosophy course going?
Peter: It’s hard to say. It certainly requires a lot of effort.
James: ............................. .
Peter: No. Quite the opposite. In the main, it consists of learning to look at the old and familiar facts in a new and fresh way.

A) Which of the great philosophers are you going to study?
B) But are you enjoying it?
C) Well, I hope you’re finding it interesting!
D) I might take the course next year.
E) Why? Are there a lot of facts to learn?

074. Mary: What I look for in an airline company is a punctual take-off and a punctual landing.
June: ............................. .
Mary: And why not?
June: Think about it! Something as common as bad weather can lead to delays. Would you care to take off in a hurricane?

A) What I look for is flight safety.
B) But face it; that’s not always possible.
C) For long flights they now provide beds in business class.
D) However hard they try to please the passengers, I get bored!
E) You are hard to please, aren’t you?

075. Sue: Did you know that there are three types of zip and that each is used in a different way?
Jane:  ............................. .
Sue: For instance, chain zips, largely suitable for luggage, have metal teeth and are, therefore, very strong.
Jane: I see. I didn’t know that.

A) As far as I know, there are chain zips, coil zips and concealed zips. Right?
B) What about coil zips? I’ve read something about them; they are lighter and synthetic.
C) Really? Can you give me an example and say where it can be used?
D) Well, some are ideal for fine fabrics and others are for stronger ones.
E) Does that mean that some of them break easily?

In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man’s name except in certain special circumstances, because his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would belost and wasted if his name were uttered without first taking special precautions. This belief about words is widespread. Among the more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably matter-offact practical application of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan prayer-wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered once does some good, then the same prayer uttered many times will do more good. Therefore, since he assumes that the efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes it round the rim of a wheel, and then frugally employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it all day long, instead of wastefully employing his own lungs and lips to say it again and again.

076. In this passage, the author points out that ............................. .
A) most societies in the world today are still very primitive
B) in primitive societies, words are often felt to embody the idea they express
C) the unsophisticated are no less intelligent than the sophisticated
D) Tibetan peasants should not be regarded as primitive
E) the Tibetan peasant does not really believe that the prayer-wheel can do any good

078. The author uses the example of the Tibetan prayer-wheel to ............................. .
A) show that all religions are fundamentally alike
B) demonstrate how unrealistic primitive peoples are
C) illustrate just how powerful words are felt to be in primitive societies
D) show how inventive primitive peoples are
E) show how unique the natives of Tibet are

079. It is clear from the passage that, among primitive societies, it is generally believed that a man’s name ............................. .
A) should be constantly repeated
B) has a wholesome effect upon his life
C) will bring calamity to those who use it
D) should only be spoken under appropriate circumstances
E) is of little importance as it is so rarely used

080. We can conclude from the passage that the Tibetan peasant ............................. .
A) is not tolerant of the religious beliefs of others
B) bears no resemblance to other primitive peasants
C) never calls any member of his family by name
D) is not deeply religious and does not treat his religion seriously
E) – though primitive – has a very practical attitude towards life

Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison eventually invented and patented 2,500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was determined to “give laughter and light” to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. Without losing hope, Edison attempted over 1,000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, “For nothing! Every time I make an experiment, I get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success.” Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he’d meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise. People realized that Edison’s invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison provided people with light and laughter.

081. As we understand from the passage, Edison conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, ............................. .
A) most of which were very expensive and got himinto financial difficulties
B) but the list of his patental inventions is a long one
C) most of which were related to the phonograph
D) but the people who knew him encouraged him to keep on trying
E) and on many occasions he felt his experiments were pointless

082. It is clear from the passage that, once Edison had invented the electric lamp, ............................. .
A) he lost interest in carrying out experiments
B) he admitted that at one point he had very nearly given up the project
C) he wasn’t at all interested in what people felt about it
D) people were particularly impressed by the fact that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it
E) he felt discouraged because he had failed to meet the goal he had set himself for the completion of his invention

-- --- D ---

083. As we understand from the passage, with the phrase, “Failures are stepping stones to
success”, Edison meant that ............................. .
A) one should forget one’s failures as soon as
possible
B) one cannot be successful every time
C) success and failure are both a matter of chance
D) there are two kinds of failure: those that lead to success and those that don’t
E) the knowledge and experience that one gains from failure contributes to success

084. According to the passage, when Edison was working on an invention, he ............................. .
A) was keen to pass on to others the knowledge he was accumulating
B) was very secretive about what he was doing
C) was not discouraged by the possibility of failure
D) avoided friends and detractors alike
E) felt embarrassed by periods of no progress

085. It is clear from the passage that, when Edison was working on the electric lamp, ............................. .
A) he worked slowly because he was disheartened
B) he knew for certain that he would attain success very quickly
C) no one felt that an electric lamp was in any way desirable
D) he was hindered by rain and bad weather in general
E) people didn’t believe that it was possible at all

86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Questions of education are frequently discussed as if they bore no relation to the social system in which and for which the education is carried on. This is one of the most common reasons for the unsatisfactoriness of the answers. It is only within a particular social system that a system of education has any meaning. If education today seems to deteriorate, if it seems to become more and more chaotic and meaningless, it is primarily because we have no settled and satisfactory arrangement of society, and because we have both vague and diverse opinions about the kind of society we want. Education is a subject which cannot be discussed in a void: our questions raise other questions, social, economic, financial, and political. And the bearings are on more ultimate problems even than these: to know what we want in education, we must know what we want in general, we must derive our theory of education from our philosophy of life.

086. The main point made in the passage is that education, ............................. .
A) should be isolated from financial issues
B) is becoming more and more meaningless
C) will improve when the political and economic situation improves
D) must be related to the social and political background in which it occurs
E) will naturally evolve in accordance with the process of history

088. The point is made in the passage that each and every system of education ............................. .
A) needs to be tailor-made to fit the specific social system for which it is designed
B) will inevitably have shortcomings or faults
C) should be constantly updated
D) should be designed on the basis of educational theory, not on the opinions of society at large
E) has a great deal in common with every other system of education

089. In this passage, the author aims to make us think about not only what we want from education, but also about ............................. .
A) how harmful is the effect it is having on society
B) how far we are prepared to support it
C) to what extent we have ourselves benefited from it.
D) whether it really is deteriorating at a great speed
E) what we want from life

090. The attitude of the author towards education is ............................. .
A) negative and disinterested
B) angry and pessimistic
C) critical and constructive
D) encouraging and hopeful
E) scornful and destructive

91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The distinction between “journalism” and “literature” is quite futile, unless we are drawing such a violent contrast as that between Gibbon’s History and today’s paper; and such a contrast itself is too violent to have meaning. You cannot, that is, draw any useful distinction between journalism and literature merely on a scale of literary values, as a difference between the well-written and the supremely wellwritten: a second-rate novel is not journalism, but it certainly is not literature. The term “journalism” has deteriorated, so let us try to recall it to its more permanent sense. To my thinking, the most accurate as well as most comprehensive definition of the term is to be obtained through considering the type of mind, concerned with writing what all would concede to be the best journalism. There’s a type of mind, and I have a very close sympathy with it, which can only turn to writing, or only produce its best writing, under the pressure of an immediate occasion; and it is this type of mind which I propose to treat as the journalist’s. The underlying causes may differ: the cause may be an ardent preoccupation with affairs of the day, or it may be (as with myself) laziness requiring an immediate stimulus, or a habit formed by early necessity of earning small sums quickly. It is not so much that the journalist works on different material from that of other writers, as that he works from a different, no less and often more honourable, motive.

091. In this passage, the writer asserts that ............................. .
A) literature is far more valuable than journalism
B) the difference between literature and journalism bears little relation to literary qualities
C) he has all the qualities of a journalist
D) the best stimulus for a journalist is the need for money
E) one must be ardently concerned with the events of each day if one wants to be a journalist

093. It is clear from the passage that the writer ............................. .
A) regards journalism as second-rate literature
B) is very critical of the motives of the journalist
C) thinks one can best come to an understanding of journalism by contrasting it with literature
D) is far more interested in literature than in journalism
E) feels great respect for good journalism

094. The point is made in the passage that the journalist does his best writing when ............................. .
A) events in his own life have stimulated him
B) there is no pressure upon him
C) he is closely involved in the affairs of the time
D) under an obligation to do so
E) he can choose his own material

095. According to the passage, what characterizes the work of the journalist is ----.
A) not the thing he writes about but why he writes about it
B) the non-literary style of the writing
C) the every-day nature of the material he chooses
D) the desire to stimulate people to action
E) his obsession for accuracy

96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Leonardo da Vinci is a member of a very small class of “transformative geniuses,” not ordinary or common geniuses, who have contributed abundantly to their fields, but rather the ones who have created or defined entire fields. In literature, no one asks, “Who was the greatest writer?” Honest debate can start at Number Two. Shakespeare, the consensus choice as greatest writer, is a member of this class of transformative geniuses. Similarly, Isaac Newton is recognized as the greatest among scientists and mathematicians; Ludwig van Beethoven, and possibly Bach and Mozart, are the transformative geniuses among composers. The most recent transformative genius the world has seen may have been Albert Einstein, a scientist like Newton – ann Time Magazine’s “Man of the Century” for the 20th century. In ranking artists, one can start the debate at Number Three – a rank for which Raphael and Rembrandt are candidates, or perhaps one of the great French Impressionists, or the 20th century’s most famous artist, Picasso. The ranks of Number One and Number Two, however, are reserved for Leonardo and Michelangelo, taken in either order. These two are far above all other artists. Michelangelo lived a very long lifetime of eighty-nine years, and was productive to the end. Leonardo, on the other hand, lived sixty-seven years, and left behind just a dozen paintings. And only a half of these are incontrovertibly one hundred per cent by him. In contrast, Rembrandt painted hundreds of paintings, 57 of himself alone; van Gogh created nine hundred paintings in a period of nine years. So how can we put Leonardo at the very pinnacle? The answer is really quite simple: his dozen or so paintings include the Number One and the Number Two most famous paintings in the history of art – The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

096. The passage is about “transformative geniuses” ............................. .
A) as they have affected the world of literature and science
B) but the author feels that the way the public opinion ranks them is faulty
C) and the massive changes they have brought to the world
D) and instances of them are given in several fields
E) and the times in which they lived and produced

098. According to the passage, when it comes to ranking artists, ............................. .
A) van Gogh comes very high on the list as a result of the great number of his paintings
B) at least six artists have a claim to top place
C) it is either Leonardo or Michelangelo who is Number One
D) the third place definitely goes to Raphael
E) 20th-century ones come low on the list

099. We learn from the passage that, although Leonardo left the world only a dozen or so
paintings, ............................. .
A) these include the world’s two best-known paintings
B) they are all of remarkably high quality
C) he actually painted a great many more
D) he knew they would keep his name alive to the end of civilization
E) they rightly earned him the undisputed position of the world’s Number One artist

100. It is clear from the passage that Michelangelo ----.
A) richly deserves his Number One position as the best of the artists
B) was a far more productive artist than Leonardo
C) had a profound influence upon the next generation of painters
D) was jealous of the fame of Leonardo and strove to excel him
E) has only been recognized as a great artist in recent times